Stigma

Stigma is posited to be the number one reason people don’t get the help they need for substance use disorders. Learn how you can help!

Learn more about ACEs

ACEs or adverse childhood experiences are one of many contributing factors to substance misuse. Click the button below to learn more about ACEs and how they affect health and well-being over a lifetime.

References

• Ashford, R. D., Brown, A. M., & Curtis, B. (2018). Substance use, recovery, and linguistics: The impact of word choice on explicit and implicit bias. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 189, 131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.005
• Birtel, M. D., Wood, L., & Kempa, N. J. (2017). Stigma and social support in substance abuse: Implications for mental health and well-being. Psychiatry Res, 252, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.097
• Chahal, K. (2017). How body language affects patient care. Current Psychiatry. Retrieved from: mdedge.com
• Corrigan, Patrick et al. “Developing a research agenda for understanding the stigma of addictions Part I: Lessons from the Mental Health Stigma Literature.” The American journal on addictions vol. 26,1 (2017): 59-66. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12458
• Dube, S. R., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., & Anda, R. F. (2003). Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Pediatrics, 111(3).
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma; notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,: Prentice-Hall.
• Gray, A. J. (2002). Stigma in psychiatry. J R Soc Med, 95(2), 72-76. doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.2.72
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health, 103(5), 813-821. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069
• Kelly, J. F., Saitz, R., & Wakeman, S. (2016). Language, Substance Use Disorders, and policy: The need to reach consensus on an “Addiction-ary”. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 34(1), 116-123. doi: 10.1080/07347324.2016.1113103
• Kelly, T. M., & Daley, D. C. (2013). Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Social work in public health, 28(3-4), 388–406. doi: 10.1080/19371918.2013.774673
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma. Annu. Rev. Sociol., 27, 363-385. 
• McLellan, A.T. (2002), Have we evaluated addiction treatment correctly? Implications from a chronic care perspective. Addiction, 97: 249-252. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00127.x
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Medications for opioid use disorder save lives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25310.
• National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN), Adolescent Trauma and Substance Abuse Committee. Understanding the Links Between Adolescent Trauma and Substance Abuse: A Toolkit for Providers. 2nd edition. June 2008. Retrieved from: nasbhc.org
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide (Third Edition). Retrieved from: drugabuse.gov. Updated January 2018.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Drug Misuse and Addiction. Retrieved from: drugabuse.gov 
• Nielsen S, Larance B, Degenhardt L, Gowing L, Kehler C, Lintzeris N. Opioid agonist treatment for pharmaceutical opioid dependent people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 5: CD011117. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011117.pub.2 
• Phelan, J. C., Lucas, J. W., Ridgeway, C. L., & Taylor, C. J. (2014). Stigma, status, and population health. Soc Sci Med, 103, 15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.004
• Quinn, K., Boone, L., Scheidell, J. D., Mateu-Gelabert, P., McGorray, S. P., Beharie, N., . . . Khan, M. R. (2016). The relationships of childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse and injection drug use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 190-198. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.021
• Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Adverse Childhood Experiences Study Infographic.  Retrieved from: rwjf.org.
• Stein, M. D., Conti, M. T., Kenney, S., Anderson, B. J., Flori, J. N., Risi, M. M., & Bailey, G. L. (2017). Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 325-329. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.007
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2012). SAMHSA’s Working Definition of Recovery. Retrieved from: store.samhsa.gov
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Words Matter: How Language Choice Can Reduce Stigma. Retrieved from: facesandvoicesofrecovery.org
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Treatment Improvement Protocol 63: Medications for opioid use disorder. Retrieved from: store.samhsa.gov. 
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2023). Waiver Elimination (MAT Act). Retrieved from: samhsa.gov
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2016). Facing addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s report on alcohol, drugs, and health. Washington D.C. Retrieved from: addiction.surgeongeneral.gov.
• van Boekel, L. C., Brouwers, E. P., van Weeghel, J., & Garretsen, H. F. (2013). Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 131(1-2), 23-35.
• Wakeman SE, Barnett ML. Primary Care and the Opioid-Overdose Crisis — Buprenorphine Myths and Realities. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(1):1-4 doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1802741.
• Yang, L. H., Wong, L. Y., Grivel, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Stigma and substance use disorders: an international phenomenon. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 30(5), 378-388. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000351

Special Thanks

Special thanks to the University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, Program Evaluation and Research Unit (PITT PERU) for their guidance and support in developing this training.

Learn about their work, find resources and more at:
peru.pitt.edu